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Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms

World Bank

World Bank 2009

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Título:
Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
Autor: World Bank
Assuntos: ACCESS TO CAPITAL ; ACCESS TO CREDIT ; ACCESS TO FINANCE ; ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ; ACCESS TO LOANS ; AGE OF RETIREMENT ; AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ; BANK CREDIT ; BANK LOAN ; BANK LOANS ; BANKS ; BENEFICIARIES ; BORROWING ; BRIBES ; BUSINESS ACTIVITY ; BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS ; BUSINESS LOANS ; BUSINESS OWNER ; BUSINESS OWNERS ; BUSINESS PLANS ; CALCULATION ; CALCULATIONS ; CAPACITY OF WOMEN ; CAPITAL STOCK ; CARE FOR CHILDREN ; CHILD CARE ; COLLATERAL ; CONTRIBUTIONS ; CORRUPTION ; COST OF CREDIT ; CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS ; CREDIT INSTITUTIONS ; CREDIT PROGRAMS ; CRIME ; CURRENCY ; CUSTOM ; CUSTOMER BASE ; CYCLE OF POVERTY ; DAY-CARE ; DEBT ; DEVELOPMENT BANK ; DISABILITY ; DISABILITY BENEFITS ; DISCRIMINATION ; DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN ; DISMISSAL ; DISMISSALS ; DIVORCED WOMEN ; EARNING CAPACITY ; EARNINGS ; ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ; ECONOMIC COOPERATION ; ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ; ECONOMIC GROWTH ; ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ; ECONOMIC POLICY ; ECONOMIES OF SCALE ; EDUCATION OF WOMEN ; EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT ; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ; EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ; EMPLOYEE ; EMPLOYER ; EMPLOYERS ; EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ; EMPLOYMENT STATUS ; ENROLLMENT ; ENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY ; ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN ; EXCLUSION ; EXPENDITURE ; FAMILIES ; FAMILY INCOME ; FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES ; FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES OF WOMEN ; FEMALE ; FEMALE BUSINESS ; FEMALE EMPLOYEES ; FEMALE EMPLOYMENT ; FEMALE ENTERPRISE ; FEMALE ENTERPRISES ; FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS ; FEMALE LABOR ; FEMALE LABOR FORCE ; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ; FEMALE POPULATION ; FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS ; FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES ; FEMALES ; FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ; FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ; FINANCIAL LITERACY ; FINANCIAL SECTOR ; FINANCIAL SERVICES ; FINANCIAL SUPPORT ; FINANCING MECHANISMS ; FISCAL RESOURCES ; FORMAL BANKING ; FORMAL BANKS ; FORMAL CREDIT ; FORMAL EDUCATION ; FORMAL SAVINGS ; FORMAL WORKFORCE ; GENDER ; GENDER ACTION ; GENDER ANALYSIS ; GENDER DIFFERENCES ; GENDER GAP ; GENDER GAPS ; GENDER ROLES ; GENDER STEREOTYPES ; GENDER WAGE GAPS ; GIRLS ; GROWTH PLANS ; HANDICRAFTS ; HEALTH INSURANCE ; HOME ; HOMES ; HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ; HOUSEHOLD CHORES ; HOUSEHOLD INCOME ; HOUSEHOLD SPENDING ; HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ; HOUSEHOLDS ; HUMAN CAPITAL ; HUSBAND ; HUSBANDS ; INCOME LEVELS ; INDIGENOUS WOMEN ; INEQUALITIES ; INFORMAL SAVING ; INFORMAL SECTOR ; INFORMAL SECTORS ; INFORMAL WORKER ; INFORMATION SYSTEM ; INPUT PRICES ; INSURANCE ; INTEREST RATES ; INTERNATIONAL BANK ; JOB SECURITY ; LABOR FORCE ; LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ; LABOR FORCES ; LABOR LAW ; LABOR LAWS ; LABOR MARKET ; LABOR MARKETS ; LABOUR ORGANIZATION ; LACK OF ACCESS ; LACK OF INFORMATION ; LARGE FIRMS ; LEGAL STATUS ; LEVEL OF EDUCATION ; LIMITED ACCESS ; LOAN APPLICATIONS ; MARITAL STATUS ; MARKET CONSTRAINTS ; MARKETING ; MARKETING CAMPAIGNS ; MARRIED MEN ; MARRIED WOMEN ; MATERNITY BENEFITS ; MATERNITY LEAVE ; MICRO CREDIT ; MICRO ENTERPRISES ; MICRO-ENTERPRISE ; MICRO-FINANCE ; MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS ; MICROCREDIT ; MICROFINANCE ; MINISTRY OF WOMEN ; MOBILITY FOR WOMEN ; NEW MARKETS ; NUTRITION ; OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ; PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN ; PENSION ; PENSION FUNDS ; PENSION SYSTEM ; PHYSICAL CAPITAL ; PRIVATIZATION ; PROBABILITY ; PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL ; PRODUCTIVITY ; PROFITABILITY ; PROPERTY RIGHTS ; PUBLIC INVESTMENT ; RATES OF RETURN ; REAL ESTATE ; RECEIPTS ; REPAYMENT ; RULE OF LAW ; SALARIED WORKERS ; SALARY ; SAVINGS ; SAVINGS ACCOUNT ; SELF-EMPLOYMENT ; SELF-SUFFICIENCY ; SENIOR ; SINGLE WOMAN ; SINGLE WOMEN ; SMALL ENTERPRISE ; SMALL ENTERPRISES ; SMALL LOANS ; SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS ; SOCIAL SECURITY ; SOURCES OF FINANCE ; START-UP ; START-UPS ; SUPPLY OF CREDIT ; TERM CONTRACTS ; TERMINATION ; UNDP ; UNITED NATIONS ; UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ; UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ; UNMARRIED WOMEN ; URBAN AREAS ; USAID ; WAGE ; WAGE GAP ; WAGES ; WIFE ; WILL ; WOMAN ; WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS ; WORK HOURS ; WORKING CAPITAL ; WORKING MOTHERS ; YEARS OF SERVICE ; YOUNG CHILDREN
Notas: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2669
978-0-8213-8014-7
Descrição: A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many definitions and measures. It also provides a rationale for promoting formality given the many negative effects of a high rate of informality. These negative effects include a lower growth potential as informal firms tend to be less productive owing to limited access to physical, financial, and human capital, and a smaller scale of operations; negative fiscal impacts as informal firms "free ride" on services provided with fiscal resources; and negative social externalities, including weaker rule of law and public institutions, increased corruption, and weakened ability to enforce contracts. A second goal of this study is to identify gender-based productivity constraints that hinder the growth of female-owned businesses. First, author's analysis of the impact of formality on profitability shows that the gains of formalization for most female-owned businesses increase as the firms grow. Second, author's find that the smaller scale of operation of female-owned firms is one of the main causes of gender-based differences in productivity and profitability. However, most of the differences between male and female-owned firms diminish or disappear as firms grow.
Editor: World Bank
Data de criação/publicação: 2009
Idioma: Inglês

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