Biological diversity frontiers in measurement and assessment

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Título:
Biological diversity frontiers in measurement and assessment
Autor: Anne E Magurran 1955-; Brian J McGill
Assuntos: Biodiversity; Biodiversity -- Monitoring; Biodiversity conservation; BIODIVERSIDADE (CONSERVAÇÃO); BIODIVERSIDADE (MONITORAMENTO)
Notas: Includes bibliographical references and index
Descrição: Challenges and opportunities in the measurement and assessment of biological diversity / Introduction -- State of the field -- What is in this book -- Acknowledgements -- Basic Measurement Issues -- An overview of sampling issues in species diversity and abundance surveys / Introduction -- State of the field -- Setting objectives -- An important partner: the statistician -- What species to sample -- Where to sample -- Bias, sampling error, and precision -- How to sample -- Quantifying the sample -- When to sample -- How many samples to collect -- Comparing information from different surveys -- Preparing for the field -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Biodiversity monitoring: the relevance of detectability / Introduction -- State of the field: which biodiversity measure?
Detectability: are species counts relevant for monitoring biodiversity? -- Individual detectability -- Estimating individual detectability -- Species detectability -- Case study: the UK Breeding Bird Survey -- Discussion -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Diversity -- Estimating species richness / Introduction -- State of the field -- Sampling models for biodiversity data -- The species accumulation curve -- Climbing the species accumulation curve -- Species richness versus species density -- Individual-based rarefaction -- Sample-based rarefaction -- Assumptions of rarefaction -- Estimating asymptotic species richness -- Comparing estimators of asymptotic species richness -- Software for estimating species richness from sample data -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Measurement of species diversity / Introduction -- State of the art
Species diversity as variance -- Species diversity as information -- Traditional measures of various types of diversity -- Addressing the difference between the empirical and ecological samples: estimating species diversity components using empirical samples -- Testing for heterogeneity among ecological samples -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Compositional similarity and β (beta) diversity / Introduction -- State of the field -- Measures of relative compositional similarity and differentiation -- Diversity and compositional similarity -- Statistical estimation of assemblage differentiation and similarity -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Measuring biological diversity in time (and space) / Introduction -- State of the field: timescales of change and community boundaries -- What is being measured? -- Assessing change through time -- Temporal turnover: species time curves -- Temporal turnover: turnover indexes
Using species abundance distributions to evaluate change -- Assessing change using biodiversity indexes -- Measuring change in the rate of change -- Using temporal change to shed light on community structure -- Partitioning diversity in space and time -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Distribution -- Commonness and rarity / Introduction -- State of the field -- Commonness and rarity: ecological context -- Assessing commonness and rarity -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Species abundance distributions / Introduction -- State of the field -- Visual approaches to SADs -- Parametric approaches to SADs -- Non-parametric approaches to SADs -- Multivariate approaches to SADs -- Identifying a useful, parsimonious subset of SAD metrics -- Efficiency and bias -- Independence of measures -- Overall assessment of useful, parsimonious metrics of SADs -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements
Fitting and empirical evaluation of models for species abundance distributions / Introduction -- State of the field -- Species abundance models -- Obtaining predicted abundances -- Choosing parameters -- Goodness-of-fit testing -- Model selection -- Prospectus -- Sampling theory for species abundance models -- Parameter estimation -- Goodness-of-fit testing -- Model selection -- Conclusions -- Key points -- Species occurrence and occupancy / Introduction -- State of the field -- Occupancy-area relationships -- Occupancy-abundance relationships -- Species occupancy distributions -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Measuring the spatial structure of biodiversity / Introduction -- What spatial structure is of interest? -- Number of variables recorded -- pattern or association? -- Types of data
State of the art -- Estimating intensity (first-order effects) -- Studying effects at a distance (second-order effects) -- Associations between two variables -- Software available -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Alternative measures of diversity -- A primer of trait and functional diversity / Introduction -- General definitions -- General importance -- A brief history of trait and functional diversity -- State of the field -- Overview -- Indices of trait and functional diversity -- Partitioning the components of trait diversity -- Methodological issues -- Conceptual issues -- Prospectus -- Recommendations -- Future directions -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Measuring phylogenetic biodiversity / Introduction -- Overview -- Approaching the study of phylogenetic diversity
State of the field -- Null models -- Simulation analyses -- Simulation results -- Prospectus -- Phylogenetic diversity in conservation -- Phylogenetic diversity in community ecology -- Abundance vs presence-absence data -- Key points -- Genetic methods for biodiversity assessment / Introduction -- Genetic methods in biodiversity assessment -- Mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNA -- Genome technologies -- Biodiversity assessments -- Phylogenies for biodiversity assessment using mtDNA and nuclear DNA -- Non-invasively monitoring for biodiversity -- DNA barcoding for biodiversity assessment -- Genome technologies for biodiversity assessment -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Applications -- Microbial diversity and ecology / Introduction -- The diversity concept -- Phylogeny -- rRNA as an evolutionary chronometer
Methods for assessing diversity -- PCR-based methods -- Pyrosequencing -- Metagenomics -- Sampling, scale, and thresholds -- Mathematical tools for estimating diversity -- Collectors curves -- Chao's non-parametric estimators -- Parametric estimators that assume a distribution -- Estimating diversity by inferring a distribution from the data -- Estimation of required sample size -- In-depth metagenome analyses -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Biodiversity and disturbance / Introduction -- What is a disturbance? -- Source of the disturbance -- Timescale -- Spatial scale -- Intensity -- Specificity -- Summary -- State of the field: measuring the effects of disturbance on biodiversity -- Univariate metrics -- Species abundance distribution based metrics -- Multivariate analysis -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements
Measuring biodiversity in managed landscapes / Introduction -- State of the field -- Variation in biodiversity measurement goals -- Bioindicators and monitoring -- Measuring biodiversity for management -- Matrices for measurement -- Prospectus -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Estimating extinction with the fossil record / Introduction -- State of the field -- Basic metrics -- Survivorship curves -- The importance of sampling -- Relevant studies -- Occurrence-based diversity estimates -- Gap analyses -- Prospectus -- Key points
Estimating species density / Introduction -- The problem: what is the density of species? -- Defining the density of species -- Species density takes on new importance in an era of environmental concern -- Data set -- Data description -- Data manipulation -- NP: our surrogate for A -- Density estimates -- First density estimate -- Density estimates for subsets with a uniform plot size -- Curvature in SPARs -- Reducing the bias -- Extrapolation -- Estimators based on the frequency of scarce species -- Applying bias reduction -- Checking our results on the scale of all of Virginia -- Why species density? -- Species density as an environmental indicator -- Species density as a topic of study -- Key points -- Acknowledgements -- Conclusions -- Conclusions /
Editor: Oxford Oxford University Press
Data de criação/publicação: 2012
Formato: xvii, 345 p ill. 25 cm..
Idioma: Inglês

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Biological diversity frontiers in measurement and assessment

Anne E Magurran 1955-; Brian J McGill

Oxford Oxford University Press 2012

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